What does Sox10 stain for?
SOX10 (Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10) is a key nuclear transcription factor in the differentiation of neural crest progenitor cells to melanocytes. It has been shown to be a sensitive and specific marker of malignant melanoma of multiple histologic types.
What does HMB-45 stain?
HMB-45 is a widely used immunohistochemical stain for detection of primary as well as metastatic melanoma (1). Presumably, this method uses monoclonal antibodies to a glycoprotein that is present in premelanosomes (11).
What does Sox10 negative mean?
Sox10 is a neural crest transcription factor crucial for specification of Schwann cells and melanocytes. Sox-10 has been shown to be a sensitive marker of cutaneous melanoma, including spindle and desmoplastic subtypes, which are known to be negative for melanocytic markers such as Melan A and HMB-45.
What is Pagetoid spread?
Pagetoid spread is defined as an individual cell proliferation in the upper levels of the epidermis, similar to the pattern of epidermal involvement by Paget’s disease of the breast.
What is HMB-45 used for?
HMB-45 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts against an antigen present in melanocytic tumors such as melanomas, and stands for Human Melanoma Black. It is used in anatomic pathology as a marker for such tumors.
What is mart1 stain?
Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells or Melan-A (MART-1), is a protein with unknown function that is associated with endoplasmic reticulum and melanosomes. Melan A is a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of melanoma.
What is Melan stain?
Melan-A, also known as MART-1, is an additional melanocytic marker and has proved to be useful in identifying metastatic tumors of melanocytic origin. The usefulness of this marker to discriminate pigmented actinic keratosis from early melanoma in situ, however, has not yet been a subject of investigation.
Does desmin stain skeletal muscle?
Atrophic skeletal muscle fibers staining with desmin. Desmin highlighting atrophic skeletal muscle fibers being infiltrated by a desmin-negative sarcoma.
What is desmin in a tumor?
Desmin is a smooth-muscle type intermediate filament protein, expressed by smooth muscle cells, but also found expressed in fibrotic tissue in wound healing and in tumor ‘desmoplastic’ stroma, yet the origin of the cell type expressing desmin has been controversial [16].