What is the most serious side effect of clozapine?
The most commonly reported adverse effects (≥5%) across CLZ clinical trials24 were central nervous system reactions (sedation, dizziness/vertigo, headache, and tremor), cardiovascular reactions (tachycardia, hypotension, and syncope), autonomic nervous system reactions (hypersalivation, weight gain, drooling, sweating.
How does metoclopramide cause extrapyramidal symptoms?
However, the antagonistic action of metoclopramide at the dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia is associated with extrapyramidal side effects, including acute dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, and drug-induced parkinsonism [12].
Can metoclopramide cause tardive dyskinesia?
Treatment with metoclopramide can cause tardive dyskinesia (TD), a potentially irreversible and disfiguring disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or extremities. The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia increases with the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose.
What is the difference between dyskinesia and tardive dyskinesia?
Dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is a general term for any abnormal involuntary movement. “Tardive dyskinesia” is a term used for abnormal involuntary movements that begin after taking certain medications used to treat nausea or emotional problems.
What long term medication is associated with signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia?
Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include antipsychotics like:
- Haloperidol (Haldol)
- Fluphenazine.
- Risperidone (Risperdal)
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Does clozapine cause extrapyramidal side effects?
Some people may develop muscle related side effects while taking clozapine. The technical terms for these are “extrapyramidal symptoms” (EPS) and “tardive dyskinesia” (TD). Symptoms of EPS include restlessness, tremor, and stiffness.
What is an adverse effect of clozapine?
Drooling, drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, shaking (tremor), vision problems (such as blurred vision), constipation, and weight gain may occur. Many of these effects (especially drowsiness) lessen as your body gets used to the medication.
What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients experience from dopamine-receptor blocking agents. It was first described in 1952 after chlorpromazine-induced symptoms resembling Parkinson disease.
What are extrapyramidal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
The extrapyramidal symptoms include acute dyskinesias and dystonic reactions, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Extrapyramidal symptoms are caused by dopamine … Antipsychotic medications commonly produce extrapyramidal symptoms as side effects.
What is extrapyramidal dyskinesia?
Tardive dyskinesia, which is when you have uncontrollable facial movements such as sucking or chewing, lip-smacking, sticking your tongue out or blinking your eyes repeatedly. The diagnosis of extrapyramidal symptoms often takes place when family members begin to notice that you are having difficulties.
How can extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics be treated?
Often the only way to address extrapyramidal effects is to try different drugs, to try lower doses of the medication, or to switch to another medication. Depending on what type of antipsychotic drug you are taking, your doctor may also prescribe other medications to help treat the extrapyramidal side effects.