What is 13C glucose tracing?
13C-glucose tracing results suggest lower lactate production and glucose oxidation by CD8+ Teff cells in vivo but that Teff cells adopt a Warburg-like metabolic phenotype with extensive culture ex vivo.
Can acetyl-CoA be converted to pyruvate?
Fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids cannot be used to synthesize glucose. The transition reaction is a one-way reaction, meaning that acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back to pyruvate.
What pyruvate can be converted to?
CoA
Pyruvate is the output of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine, and to ethanol.
What is metabolic tracing?
Metabolic tracing in vivo C is commonly used to track carbon fates from glucose and other nutrients. Transfer of the isotope label from the nutrient tracer into downstream metabolites occurs as a result of metabolic activity in tissues.
What is flux biochemistry?
Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway’s activity under different conditions.
Is pyruvate to acetyl CoA reversible?
Principles in the Regulation of Cardiac Metabolism Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyzes an irreversible and no return metabolic step because its substrate pyruvate is gluconeogenic or anaplerotic, whereas its product acetyl-CoA is not [62–65].
How is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate oxidation steps A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide. The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH. The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.
Why is pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA?
After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle.
What is isotope tracing?
isotopic tracer, any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution. Radioisotopes can be detected in quantities as small as a few atoms.
What is metabolomics in genomics?
Metabolomics is the quantification of small molecules produced by metabolic processes within a biological sample. Metabolomics datasets contain a wealth of information that reflect the disease state and are consequent to both genetic variation and environment.